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Kingston Town. They are notably tannic , and usually made dry. They must undergo secondary fermentation to create carbon dioxide , which creates the bubbles. Two common methods of accomplishing this are the traditional method , used for Cava , Champagne , and more expensive sparkling wines, and the Charmat method , used for Prosecco , Asti , and less expensive wines.

A hybrid transfer method is also used, yielding intermediate results, and simple addition of carbon dioxide is used in the cheapest of wines. The bottles used for sparkling wine must be thick to withstand the pressure of the gas behind the cork , which can be up to 6 standard atmospheres 88 psi.

This refers to sweet wines that have a high level of sugar remaining after fermentation. There are various ways of increasing the amount of sugar in a wine, yielding products with different strengths and names. Wines from other fruits , such as apples and berries, are usually named after the fruit from which they are produced, and combined with the word “wine” for example, apple wine and elderberry wine and are generically called fruit wine or country wine similar to French term vin de pays.

Other than the grape varieties traditionally used for wine-making, most fruits naturally lack either sufficient fermentable sugars, proper amount of acidity, yeast amounts needed to promote or maintain fermentation, or a combination of these three materials. This is probably one of the main reasons why wine derived from grapes has historically been more prevalent by far than other types, and why specific types of fruit wines have generally been confined to the regions in which the fruits were native or introduced for other reasons.

Mead, also called honey wine, is created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains, or hops. As long as the primary substance fermented is honey, the drink is considered mead.

Other drinks called “wine”, such as barley wine and rice wine e. In these latter cases, the term “wine” refers to the similarity in alcohol content rather than to the production process. Wine is usually made from one or more varieties of the European species Vitis vinifera , such as Pinot noir , Chardonnay , Cabernet Sauvignon , Gamay and Merlot. Blended wines are not necessarily inferior to varietal wines, rather they are a different style of wine-making. Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from hybrids , created by the genetic crossing of two species.

Hybridization is different from grafting. Most of the world’s vineyards are planted with European Vitis vinifera vines that have been grafted onto North American species’ rootstock, a common practice due to their resistance to phylloxera , a root louse that eventually kills the vine.

In the late 19th century, most of Europe’s vineyards excluding some of the driest in the south were devastated by the infestation, leading to widespread vine deaths and eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine-producing region in the world except in Argentina and the Canary Islands — the only places not yet exposed to the insect. In the context of wine production, terroir is a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used, elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the local yeast cultures.

Many wineries use growing and production methods that preserve or accentuate the aroma and taste influences of their unique terroir. Such producers try to minimize differences in sources of grapes through production techniques such as micro-oxygenation , tannin filtration, cross-flow filtration, thin-film evaporation, and spinning cones. About grapes go into one bottle of wine, approximately 2.

Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend to be classified by region e. Bordeaux , Rioja and Chianti , while non-European wines are most often classified by grape e.

Pinot noir and Merlot. Market recognition of particular regions has recently been leading to their increased prominence on non-European wine labels. Some blended wine names are marketing terms whose use is governed by trademark law rather than by specific wine laws. Commercial use of the term Meritage is allowed only via licensing agreements with the Meritage Association. New World wines —those made outside the traditional wine regions of Europe—are usually classified by grape rather than by terroir or region of origin, although there have been unofficial attempts to classify them by quality.

According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, wine in Canada is an alcoholic drink that is produced by the complete or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, grape must, products derived solely from fresh grapes, or any combination of them. There are many materials added during the course of the manufacture, such as yeast, concentrated grape juice, dextrose , fructose , glucose or glucose solids, invert sugar , sugar, or aqueous solutions.

Calcium sulphate in such quantity that the content of soluble sulphates in the finished wine shall not exceed 0. Calcium carbonate in such quantity that the content of tartaric acid in the finished wine shall not be less than 0. Also, sulphurous acid , including salts thereof, in such quantity that its content in the finished wine shall not exceed 70 parts per million in the free state, or parts per million in the combined state, calculated as sulphur dioxide.

Caramel, amylase and pectinase at a maximum level of use consistent with good manufacturing practice. Brandy, fruit spirit or alcohol derived from the alcoholic fermentation of a food source distilled to not less than 94 percent alcohol by volume.

Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate’s impact on the character of a wine can be significant enough to cause different vintages from the same vineyard to vary dramatically in flavor and quality. Superior vintages from reputable producers and regions will often command much higher prices than their average ones.

Some vintage wines e. Brunello , are only made in better-than-average years. For consistency, non-vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage, which helps wine-makers sustain a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years. Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine.

Wines contain many chemical compounds similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity present in the wine.

Dry wine , for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine “breathe” for a couple of hours before serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. Decanting the act of pouring a wine into a special container just for breathing is a controversial subject among wine enthusiasts. In addition to aeration, decanting with a filter allows the removal of bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine.

Sediment is more common in older bottles, but aeration may benefit younger wines. During aeration, a younger wine’s exposure to air often “relaxes” the drink, making it smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally fade lose their character and flavor intensity with extended aeration. Wine may be tasted as soon as the bottle is opened to determine how long it should be aerated, if at all.

Experienced tasters can distinguish between flavors characteristic of a specific grape and flavors that result from other factors in wine-making.

Typical intentional flavor elements in wine—chocolate, vanilla, or coffee—are those imparted by aging in oak casks rather than the grape itself. Vertical and horizontal tasting involves a range of vintages within the same grape and vineyard, or the latter in which there is one vintage from multiple vineyards.

Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds released into the air. Many drinkers prefer to chill red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinon and Beaujolais. The ideal temperature for serving a particular wine is a matter of debate by wine enthusiasts and sommeliers, but some broad guidelines have emerged that will generally enhance the experience of tasting certain common wines. Light red wines drunk young should also be brought to the table at this temperature, where they will quickly rise a few degrees.

Particular selections such as “Verticals”, which span multiple vintages of a specific grape and vineyard, may be highly valued. The most common wines purchased for investment include those from Bordeaux and Burgundy ; cult wines from Europe and elsewhere; and vintage port. Characteristics of highly collectible wines include:. Investment in fine wine has attracted those who take advantage of their victims’ relative ignorance of this wine market sector. As with any investment, thorough research is essential to making an informed decision.

Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between 30 and 50 degrees latitude north and south of the equator. The world’s southernmost vineyards are in the Central Otago region of New Zealand’s South Island near the 45th parallel south , [] and the northernmost are in Flen , Sweden, just north of the 59th parallel north.

The UK was the world’s largest importer of wine in Wine-consumption data from a list of countries by alcohol consumption measured in liters of pure ethyl alcohol consumed per capita in a given year, according to the most recent data from the World Health Organization. The methodology includes persons 15 years of age or older. Wine is a popular and important drink that accompanies and enhances a wide range of cuisines, from the simple and traditional stews to the most sophisticated and complex haute cuisines.

Wine is often served with dinner. Sweet dessert wines may be served with the dessert course. In fine restaurants in Western countries, wine typically accompanies dinner.

At a restaurant, patrons are helped to make good food-wine pairings by the restaurant’s sommelier or wine waiter. Individuals dining at home may use wine guides to help make food—wine pairings. Wine is also drunk without the accompaniment of a meal in wine bars or with a selection of cheeses at a wine and cheese party. Wines are also used as a theme for organizing various events such as festivals around the world; the city of Kuopio in North Savonia , Finland is known for its annual Kuopio Wine Festivals Kuopion viinijuhlat.

Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a drink, but as a flavor agent, primarily in stocks and braising , since its acidity lends balance to rich savory or sweet dishes. The use of wine in ancient Near Eastern and Ancient Egyptian religious ceremonies was common. Libations often included wine, and the religious mysteries of Dionysus used wine as a sacramental entheogen to induce a mind-altering state. Baruch atah Hashem Ado-nai Eloheinu melech ha-olam, boray p’ree hagafen — Praised be the Lord, our God, King of the universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine.

Wine is an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddush is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat. On Pesach Passover during the Seder, it is a Rabbinic obligation of adults to drink four cups of wine. And due to the danger, those who live in a place where blood libels occur are halachically exempted from using red wine, lest it be seized as “evidence” against them. In Christianity , wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist , which originates in the Gospel account of the Last Supper Gospel of Luke describing Jesus sharing bread and wine with his disciples and commanding them to “do this in remembrance of me.

While some Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for the validity of the sacrament , many Protestants also allow or require pasteurized grape juice as a substitute. Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in the late 19th century.

Methodist dentist and prohibitionist Thomas Bramwell Welch applied new pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of grape juice. Some Christians who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice, and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States, as well as to other countries to a lesser degree. The earliest viticulture tradition in the Southwestern United States starts with sacramental wine , beginning in the s, with Christian friars and monks producing New Mexico wine.

Alcoholic drinks, including wine, are forbidden under most interpretations of Islamic law. Iran had previously had a thriving wine industry that disappeared after the Islamic Revolution in Some Alevi sects — one of the two main branches of Islam in Turkey the other being Sunni Islam — use wine in their religious services.

Certain exceptions to the ban on alcohol apply. Alcohol derived from a source other than the grape or its byproducts and the date [] is allowed in “very small quantities” loosely defined as a quantity that does not cause intoxication under the Sunni Hanafi madhab , for specific purposes such as medicines , where the goal is not intoxication. However, modern Hanafi scholars regard alcohol consumption as totally forbidden.

Wine contains ethyl alcohol , the chemical in beer and distilled spirits. The effects of wine depend on the amount consumed, the span of time over which consumption occurs, and the amount of alcohol in the wine, among other factors. Drinking enough to reach a blood alcohol concentration BAC of 0.

A BAC of 0. A BAC from 0. The operation of vehicles or machinery while drunk can increase the risk of accident, and many countries have laws against drinking and driving. The social context and quality of wine can affect the mood and emotions.

The main active ingredient of wine is ethanol. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that moderate ethanol consumption brought no mortality benefit compared with lifetime abstention from ethanol consumption.

Some studies that reported benefits of moderate ethanol consumption erred by lumping former drinkers and life-long abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, hiding the health benefits of life-long abstention from ethanol. Alcohol use disorder is the inability to stop or control alcohol use despite harmful consequences to health, job, or relationships; alternative terms include alcoholism, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or alcohol addiction.

Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation. Although red wine contains more of the stilbene resveratrol and of other polyphenols than white wine, the evidence for a cardiac health benefit is of poor quality and at most, the benefit is trivial. White wine generally contains lower levels of the chemical as it has minimal contact with grape skins during this process.

Incidents of fraud, such as mislabeling the origin or quality of wines, have resulted in regulations on labeling. Although alternative closures are less expensive and prevent cork taint , they have been blamed for such problems as excessive reduction. Some wines are packaged in thick plastic bags within corrugated fiberboard boxes, and are called ” box wines “, or “cask wine”. Tucked inside the package is a tap affixed to the bag in box , or bladder, that is later extended by the consumer for serving the contents.

Box wine can stay acceptably fresh for up to a month after opening because the bladder collapses as wine is dispensed, limiting contact with air and, thus, slowing the rate of oxidation. In contrast, bottled wine oxidizes more rapidly after opening because of the increasing ratio of air to wine as the contents are dispensed; it can degrade considerably in a few days. Canned wine is one of the fastest-growing forms of alternative wine packaging on the market.

Environmental considerations of wine packaging reveal the benefits and drawbacks of both bottled and box wines. The glass used to make bottles is a nontoxic, naturally occurring substance that is completely recyclable, whereas the plastics used for box-wine containers are typically much less environmentally friendly. However, wine-bottle manufacturers have been cited for Clean Air Act violations. A New York Times editorial suggested that box wine, being lighter in package weight, has a reduced carbon footprint from its distribution; however, box-wine plastics, even though possibly recyclable, can be more labor-intensive and therefore expensive to process than glass bottles.

In addition, while a wine box is recyclable, its plastic bladder most likely is not. Some wine is sold in stainless steel kegs and is referred to as wine on tap. Wine cellars , or wine rooms, if they are above-ground, are places designed specifically for the storage and aging of wine. Fine restaurants and some private homes have wine cellars. In an active wine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by a climate-control system. Passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and so must be carefully located.

Because wine is a natural, perishable food product, all types—including red, white, sparkling, and fortified—can spoil when exposed to heat, light, vibration or fluctuations in temperature and humidity. When properly stored, wines can maintain their quality and in some cases improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age.

Wine refrigerators offer a smaller alternative to wine cellars and are available in capacities ranging from small, bottle units to furniture-quality pieces that can contain bottles. Wine refrigerators are not ideal for aging, but rather serve to chill wine to the proper temperature for drinking. Lower humidity levels can dry out corks over time, allowing oxygen to enter the bottle, which reduces the wine’s quality through oxidation. Certain shapes of bottle may allow the cork to be pushed out by the ice, but if the bottle is frozen on its side, the wine in the narrower neck will invariably freeze first, preventing this.

There are a large number of occupations and professions that are part of the wine industry, ranging from the individuals who grow the grapes, prepare the wine, bottle it, sell it, assess it, market it and finally make recommendations to clients and serve the wine. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alcoholic drink made by fermentation of grapes or other fruits and foods. This article is about the drink. For other uses, see Wine disambiguation. Glasses of red and white wine.

Main article: History of wine. This section contains Linear B Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Linear B. Main article: Red wine. Main article: White wine. Main article: Orange wine.

 
 

 

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