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The computerization system includes fetching data from sensors, passing the data to controllers and passing the control commands to the actuators [2].
The wireless technologies have fewer installation costs compared to the wired technologies and are more suitable for remote areas while being more flexible for the future expansions. The most popular wireless technologies that are used in power distribution system are Wi-Fi [3], Wi-Max [4] and ZigBee [].
A comparison of different wireless technologies that can be considered for smart grid SG application is presented in Table 1. In order to improve the imbalanced system, which mentioned earlier, this paper discusses the integration of communication-based and intelligent voltage profile regulating, which is discussed in [7] by using Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and ZigBee, respectively, and modeling them in certain coding as numerical analysis to mitigate the advantages and disadvantages of their techniques to support the improvement of voltage profile and reduce voltage imbalance.
Research Method 2. IEEE The IEEE The most popular among these versions are IEEE The latest release is the IEEE It employs direct sequence spread spectrum DSSS modulation technique with data rates reaching up to 11Mbps for indoor environment and up to 1Mbps for outdoor environments. The indoor range is around 30— 40m while the outdoor range is around 90—m [3]. It is also compatible with IEEE Wi-Fi provides robust performance in a shared spectrum and noisy of radio frequency RF channel environments.
It supports all IP based protocols. A wide range of data rates is supported along with point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications. Security features for secure and authentic data communication are also implemented, making it a strong contender for communication technologies for SG [3]. Therefore, this communication technology is suitable to be used for coordinating the single-phase rooftop PVs along the considered LV feeder as seen in Figure 1. This communication technology developed under the IEEE Among the IEEE Wi-Max technology uses two frequency bands, one for the line of sight 11—66 GHz and other for the non-line-of-sight operation 2—11 GHz.
Wi-Max involves data encryption standard DES and advances encryption standard AES encryption techniques for secure and reliable data communication [8]. These security mechanisms are implemented at the MAC layer. MAC layer also incorporates power saving techniques such as sleep mode, idle mode, etc.
Wi- Max is specifically designed for point-to-multipoint communications for both fixed and mobile applications; with data rates, up to 70 Mbps over a distance of 50 km [9]. ZigBee is designed to interconnect autonomous sensors and actuators to control units with an emphasis on low power consumption.
It is a specification based on the IEEE There are two different types of ZigBee device. The ZigBee coordinator is a full function device FFD that coordinates the network and forms its root, making a bridge with other networks, managing the network security and its security keys and also being able to store information about the network. The ZigBee router is an FFD that can have sensors and actuators but its capacity enables it to relay messages from other nodes, acting as a router.
It has reduced processing capacity, which means that it is cheaper to produce but it cannot relay messages. By the view of the IEEE In mesh and tree topologies the ZigBee coordinator is responsible for starting a new network when appropriate and assigning addresses to newly associated devices but the network may be extended through the use of ZigBee routers. Table 1. Network with PVs under consideration The ZigBee network should be able to connect itself to other wireless or wired networks.
The ZigBee alliance offers one solution for that need, called the ZigBee gateway. The ZigBee gateway provides high feature connectivity and allows a larger diversity of applications and devices to connect and control the ZigBee networks and their devices. It translates the ZigBee network and devices protocols to a variety of other formats that exist in the industrial, commercial and residential systems, providing an interface between the ZigBee and IP devices with an abstract interface that isolates the IP device from the ZigBee protocol and translates both commands and addresses between them.
Therefore, this communication is suitable for coordinating single-phase rooftop PVs in the LV three-phase feeder as in Figure 1. Results and Analysis In this section, it is explained the results of research and at the same time is given the comprehensive discussion. It included the considered network, the modeling and analysis of the considered network, the considered wireless technologies and also the active and reactive power control of PVs in the LV feeder.
Network under consideration Let us consider an 11 kV three-phase medium voltage feeder supplying a V three- phase four-wire low voltage residential feeder, as shown in Figure 1 [7]. The residential feeder is assumed to be unbalanced due to the distribution of loads and unequal distribution of single- phase rooftop PVs with different ratings. The configuration of the considered network is detailed in Table 2. Table 2. Network modelling and analysis An unbalanced sweep forward-backward load flow method is developed in MATLAB and used for the analysis of the three-phase four-wire radial network under consideration.
The load flow calculates bus voltages along the feeder. Considered communication technologies As Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and ZigBee used for the developing technologies for PV communication in three-phase LV feeder, they are expected to coordinate the capability of single-phase rooftop PVs to mitigate the injected active and reactive power toward every phase along the feeder.
Therefore, the regulation and reduction of the voltage profile of the unbalance three-phase LV feeder might achieve.
As the antennas that suitable for Wi-Fi communications, the discussion and analysis are detailed in reference [14] and [15]. Table 3. The PV inverters currently operate in constant output power mode. Under such conditions, they only inject current with unity power factor and do not affect the voltage at their point of common coupling. If the inverter is operated in voltage control mode, each PV can correct its own PCC voltage to a desired value by injecting or absorbing the required amount of reactive power Q PV,ref.
If the required Q PV,ref is beyond its maximum injection or absorption capability, it runs on the maximum limits. Study case The simulation of the unbalanced three-phase LV load flow runs over a three-phase four- wire radial network as the test case. The performance evaluation of the discussed system under load and PV uncertainties and the network of Figure 1 is considered as the test case.
The 1 to 5 kW PV cells are assumed to have an equivalent distribution. In this study, the availability of sunlight irradiance is assumed between 6 am and 6 pm while the PVs generate their maximum output at 12 pm. Following that, the different PVs’ penetration levels are also calculated. The considered PV communication technology is Zigbee since it is the most suitable for this test case.
As PVs along the feeder are communicating during the generation of their maximum output, the coordination of them provided the improvement of the reactive power and voltage profile of the system. As the results, the load profile of 30 houses from the simulation of the test case is demonstrated in time-domain in Figure 3. It can be seen that mostly the PVs’ active power reach their maximum output at noon, over the hr period.
Conclusion This paper has evaluated the performance of an intelligent and communication-based using Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and ZigBee to regulate voltage profile of the LV three-phase feeder within the standard limit. It also defines proper reference voltages for the three phases of the network at each bus which will be utilized by the PV inverters and uses reactive power support and active power curtailment to regulate the point common couple voltage of each PV inverter to the desired reference value.
Based on the considered test case, the coordinated of PVs along the three-phase feeder are well communicated since the output power and voltage profile of the system are successfully improved. Guangya Yang. Soma Depuru. Burak Kantarci.
Marcelo Molina. Anderson Hoke. Francy Benavides. Nadeem Javaid. Talha Arshad. Lijalem Dires. Moktadir Rahman. G Ayeni. Karar Al-Nagar. Engr Zahid Ullah.
Amirullah Amirullah. Tae Uthathip. Srete Nikolovski. Kamel Alboaouh. Abderezak Lashab. Akaradage khongkaphan. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer.
Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Related Papers. Evolution of Communication Technologies for Smart Grid applications. Project List. Evaluation of the voltage support strategies for the low voltage grid connected PV generators.
Decoupled symmetrical component frame power system models for smart grid. Fading and Interference Mitigation in Wireless Communications. Smart Grids. Banda Aceh-Medan Km. All rights reserved. Introduction Installing random rated and located single-phase rooftop photovoltaic PVs in a certain neighborhood is leading to a substantial amount of electric energy generation in the form of distributed generators DGs within the electric networks.
Their integration into the electric networks will cause several settlements, by reducing the network expansion costs, minimizing the power losses in long feeders and increasing the reliability of the network. They may also be accommodating to achieve faster recovery following a fault in the network [1]. As PVs coordinated in the LV feeder, the unequal loadings lead to an unbalanced network. Communication and intelligent system is required to support the power distribution system due to reducing voltage unbalance.
In addition, it is expected that in the future all PV system in either grid-tied mode or off-grid mode will be totally computerized. The computerization system includes fetching data from sensors, passing the data to controllers and passing the control commands to the actuators [2].
The wireless technologies have fewer installation costs compared to the wired technologies and are more suitable for remote areas while being more flexible for the future expansions. The most popular wireless technologies that are used in power distribution system are Wi-Fi [3], Wi-Max [4] and ZigBee []. A comparison of different wireless technologies that can be considered for smart grid SG application is presented in Table 1.
In order to improve the imbalanced system, which mentioned earlier, this paper discusses the integration of communication-based and intelligent voltage profile regulating, which is discussed in [7] by using Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and ZigBee, respectively, and modeling them in certain coding as numerical analysis to mitigate the advantages and disadvantages of their techniques to support the improvement of voltage profile and reduce voltage imbalance.
Research Method 2. IEEE The IEEE The most popular among these versions are IEEE The latest release is the IEEE It employs direct sequence spread spectrum DSSS modulation technique with data rates reaching up to 11Mbps for indoor environment and up to 1Mbps for outdoor environments.
The indoor range is around 30— 40m while the outdoor range is around 90—m [3]. It is also compatible with IEEE Wi-Fi provides robust performance in a shared spectrum and noisy of radio frequency RF channel environments. It supports all IP based protocols.
A wide range of data rates is supported along with point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications. Security features for secure and authentic data communication are also implemented, making it a strong contender for communication technologies for SG [3].
Therefore, this communication technology is suitable to be used for coordinating the single-phase rooftop PVs along the considered LV feeder as seen in Figure 1. This communication technology developed under the IEEE Among the IEEE Wi-Max technology uses two frequency bands, one for the line of sight 11—66 GHz and other for the non-line-of-sight operation 2—11 GHz. Wi-Max involves data encryption standard DES and advances encryption standard AES encryption techniques for secure and reliable data communication [8].
These security mechanisms are implemented at the MAC layer. MAC layer also incorporates power saving techniques such as sleep mode, idle mode, etc. Wi- Max is specifically designed for point-to-multipoint communications for both fixed and mobile applications; with data rates, up to 70 Mbps over a distance of 50 km [9]. ZigBee is designed to interconnect autonomous sensors and actuators to control units with an emphasis on low power consumption. It is a specification based on the IEEE There are two different types of ZigBee device.
The ZigBee coordinator is a full function device FFD that coordinates the network and forms its root, making a bridge with other networks, managing the network security and its security keys and also being able to store information about the network. The ZigBee router is an FFD that can have sensors and actuators but its capacity enables it to relay messages from other nodes, acting as a router.
It has reduced processing capacity, which means that it is cheaper to produce but it cannot relay messages. By the view of the IEEE In mesh and tree topologies the ZigBee coordinator is responsible for starting a new network when appropriate and assigning addresses to newly associated devices but the network may be extended through the use of ZigBee routers.
Table 1. Network with PVs under consideration The ZigBee network should be able to connect itself to other wireless or wired networks. The ZigBee alliance offers one solution for that need, called the ZigBee gateway. The ZigBee gateway provides high feature connectivity and allows a larger diversity of applications and devices to connect and control the ZigBee networks and their devices. It translates the ZigBee network and devices protocols to a variety of other formats that exist in the industrial, commercial and residential systems, providing an interface between the ZigBee and IP devices with an abstract interface that isolates the IP device from the ZigBee protocol and translates both commands and addresses between them.
Therefore, this communication is suitable for coordinating single-phase rooftop PVs in the LV three-phase feeder as in Figure 1. Results and Analysis In this section, it is explained the results of research and at the same time is given the comprehensive discussion. It included the considered network, the modeling and analysis of the considered network, the considered wireless technologies and also the active and reactive power control of PVs in the LV feeder.
Network under consideration Let us consider an 11 kV three-phase medium voltage feeder supplying a V three- phase four-wire low voltage residential feeder, as shown in Figure 1 [7].
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Demonstrates using built-in GPS hardware on Wear to record location and speed. Java. akademik-feeder Public. Wireless Data Communication Techniques to Coordinate Distributed Rooftop PVs in Unbalanced Three-phase Feeder · 1. · 2. · 3.
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